Overview
This page contains Dr. Bannon and Rachael Austin's reading of Plato's Phaedrus (234d–237b), using the Nehamas and Woodruff translation. This section includes Socrates' first speech — given with his head covered in shame — defining Eros as a kind of madness. For the lecture context, see Chapter 10.
Key Concepts
- 234d: Socrates praises Phaedrus' enthusiasm but calls Lysias' speech 'horrible'
- Socrates' First Speech (237a–238c): Eros defined as an irrational drive for pleasure that overrides judgment
- Socrates covers his head: he is ashamed of his own speech — it does not honor Eros properly
- The two forces: 'each of us is driven by two forces — an inborn desire for pleasure and acquired judgment to choose what is best'
- Setting up the palinode: Socrates will recant and give the Great Speech
Vocabulary & Glossary
- PalinodeAn ode of retraction; Socrates must recant his first speech about Eros
- BlasphemySpeaking falsely about the divine; Socrates calls his first speech blasphemous to Eros
Key Examples & Analogies
Before giving his first speech, Socrates covers his head with his robe. This is a gesture of shame: he is about to say something he knows is wrong. He gives the speech to show Phaedrus what a better speech than Lysias' would look like — but he will retract it immediately and give the real speech (the Great Speech).
Exam Prep Questions
- What does Socrates say are the two forces that drive human behavior?
- Why does Socrates cover his head before giving his first speech?
- What is a 'palinode,' and why does Socrates feel he must give one?
Lecture Transcript
[00:00:06]it's a [00:00:06]miracle my friend i'm in ecstasy and [00:00:09]it's [00:00:10]all you're doing phaedras i was looking [00:00:13]at you
[00:00:13]while you were reading and it seemed to [00:00:15]me the speech had made you radiant [00:00:17]with delight and since i believe that [00:00:19]you understand these matters better than [00:00:21]i do
[00:00:22]i followed your lead and following you i [00:00:24]follow i [00:00:25]shared in your pocket frenzy come [00:00:28]socrates [00:00:29]do you think you should joke about this
[00:00:31]do you think i'm joking you think i'm [00:00:32]not serious [00:00:33]you are not at all serious but now tell [00:00:36]me the truth [00:00:37]in the name of zeus god of friendship do
[00:00:40]you think that any other greek could say [00:00:42]anything more impressive [00:00:44]or more complete on the subject what [00:00:47]must we praise the speech on the ground [00:00:49]that its author has said what the
[00:00:51]situation [00:00:52]demanded and not indicated simply on the [00:00:55]ground that he has spoken in a clear and [00:00:56]concise manner with a precise turn of [00:00:58]phrase
[00:00:59]if we must i will have to go along for [00:01:01]your sake since [00:01:02]surely because i am so ignorant [00:01:06]that passed me by i paid attention only [00:01:09]to the speech's
[00:01:10]style as to the other part i wouldn't [00:01:12]think that even lysius would be happy [00:01:14]with it [00:01:15]for it seemed to me phaedras unless of [00:01:17]course you disagree
[00:01:18]that he said the same thing two or three [00:01:21]times as if he really didn't have much [00:01:23]to say [00:01:24]on the subject almost as if he were very [00:01:26]interested in it
[00:01:27]in fact he seemed to be showing off [00:01:29]trying to demonstrate that he could say [00:01:31]the same thing in two different ways and [00:01:33]say it well [00:01:34]just as well both times well you are
[00:01:37]absolutely wrong [00:01:40]socrates okay that is in fact the best [00:01:43]thing about this speech [00:01:44]he has omitted nothing nothing which [00:01:47]worth mentioning
[00:01:49]about the subject so that no one will [00:01:52]ever [00:01:52]be able to add anything of value [00:01:56]to complete what he has already said [00:01:57]himself you go
[00:01:59]too far fadris i can't agree with you [00:02:02]about that [00:02:03]if as a favor to you i will accept your [00:02:06]view i will stand refuted by [00:02:08]all of the people all of those wise men
[00:02:10]and women of old [00:02:12]who have spoken or written about this [00:02:14]subject [00:02:15]who are these people and where have you [00:02:18]heard
[00:02:18]anything better than this i can't tell [00:02:22]you offhand [00:02:23]but i'm sure i've heard something better [00:02:25]somewhere perhaps it was the lovely [00:02:27]sappho or the wise and a crayon or even
[00:02:29]some writer of [00:02:30]prose so what's my evidence in fact my [00:02:33]dear friend [00:02:35]my breast is full and i feel that i can [00:02:39]make
[00:02:40]a different speech even better than [00:02:42]lysius's [00:02:44]now i'm aware that none of these ideas [00:02:46]could have come from me [00:02:48]i know my own ignorance the only other
[00:02:51]possibility i think [00:02:53]is that i was filled like an empty jar [00:02:56]by the words of others streaming in [00:02:59]through my ears though i'm so foolish [00:03:02]i've forgotten
[00:03:03]whom and from where i heard them but [00:03:06]my dear you couldn't have said a better [00:03:09]thing [00:03:11]don't bother telling me when and from [00:03:13]whom
[00:03:14]you've heard this even if i ask you [00:03:16]instead [00:03:17]do exactly what you said you just [00:03:20]promised to make them another speech [00:03:22]making more points and better ones
[00:03:25]without a repeating a word from [00:03:27]my book and i promise you that [00:03:30]like the nine archeons i shall set up [00:03:34]in return a life-sized golden [00:03:37]statue at delphi not only of
[00:03:40]myself but also of you you're a real [00:03:44]friend fadris [00:03:45]good as gold to think that i'm as clean [00:03:49]that i'm claiming that lycee has failed [00:03:51]in absolutely every respect
[00:03:54]and i can make a speech that is [00:03:55]different on every point [00:03:57]as is i'm sure that couldn't happen even [00:03:59]to the worst [00:04:00]possible author in our case for example
[00:04:03]do you think that [00:04:04]anyone could argue that one should favor [00:04:06]the non-lover rather than love her for [00:04:08]praising the former for keeping his wits [00:04:10]about him or condemning the latter for
[00:04:12]losing his [00:04:13]points that are essential to make and [00:04:15]still have something left to say [00:04:16]i believe we must allow these points and [00:04:19]concede them to the speaker
[00:04:21]in their case we cannot praise their [00:04:24]novelty [00:04:25]but only their skillful arrangement but [00:04:27]we can praise both the arrangement and [00:04:29]the novelty of the
[00:04:30]you know non-essential points that are [00:04:32]harder to think up [00:04:34]i agree with you i think it's reasonable [00:04:38]score this then is what i shall do i [00:04:41]will allow you
[00:04:42]to presuppose that the lover is less [00:04:46]sane than the non-lover and if you are [00:04:48]able to add [00:04:49]anything of value to complete what we [00:04:52]have already have in hand
[00:04:53]you will stand in hammered gold beside [00:04:57]the offering [00:04:57]at the cyclities in olympia oh phaedras [00:05:00]i was only criticizing your beloved [00:05:03]in order to tease you did you take me
[00:05:05]seriously [00:05:07]do you think i'd really tried to match [00:05:09]the product of his [00:05:10]wisdom with a fancier speech well [00:05:14]as far as that goes my friend you have
[00:05:16]fallen into your own trap [00:05:18]you have no choice but to give your [00:05:20]speech as best you can [00:05:22]otherwise you will force us into [00:05:24]training vulgar jibes
[00:05:26]the way they do in comedy [00:05:30]don't make me say what you said socrates [00:05:34]if i don't know my own socrates i must [00:05:37]be forgetting who i am myself [00:05:39]or he wanted to speak but he was being
[00:05:43]coy [00:05:44]get into your head we shall not leave [00:05:46]here until you recite what you have [00:05:48]claimed to have [00:05:49]in your breast
[00:05:52]we are alone in a deserted place [00:05:56]and i am younger and stronger from all [00:05:59]this [00:06:00]take my meaning and don't make me force [00:06:04]you to speak
[00:06:06]when you can do so willingly [00:06:09]but vader's i'll be ridiculous [00:06:12]um a mere dilettante improvising [00:06:15]on the same topics as a seasoned [00:06:18]professional
[00:06:19]do you not understand the situation stop [00:06:22]playing hard to get i know what i can [00:06:26]say [00:06:26]to make you give your speech oh then [00:06:28]please don't say it
[00:06:30]oh yes i will and what i say will be on [00:06:34]oh i swear to you by which god i [00:06:38]i wonder how about this very plain [00:06:41]tree i swear in all truth that if you [00:06:44]don't make your speech
[00:06:46]right next to this tree here i shall [00:06:48]never [00:06:49]never again recite another speech for [00:06:52]you [00:06:53]i shall never utter another word about
[00:06:56]speeches [00:06:57]to you my oh my what a [00:07:01]horrible man you are phaedras you've [00:07:03]really found the way to force [00:07:06]a lover of speeches to do just as you
[00:07:08]say [00:07:10]so why are you still twisting and [00:07:13]turning stop now that you've taken this [00:07:17]oath [00:07:18]how could i possibly give up such treats
[00:07:21]speak then all right you know what i'll [00:07:23]do [00:07:24]what i i'll cover my head that way [00:07:27]when i'm speaking i can go as fast as i [00:07:29]possibly can
[00:07:30]and i won't get embarrassed having to [00:07:32]look at you and lose the threat of my [00:07:34]thought [00:07:38]just give your speech you can do [00:07:40]anything else you like
[00:07:42]come to me you clear voiced muses [00:07:45]whether you're called so because of the [00:07:47]quality of your song or from the [00:07:49]musical people of the gergia come take [00:07:52]my burden
[00:07:52]in telling the tale that this fine [00:07:55]fellow forces upon me [00:07:57]so that his companion may now seem to [00:07:59]him even more clever [00:08:01]than he did before there was once a boy
[00:08:04]a young man [00:08:04]actually and he was very beautiful and [00:08:07]had very many lovers [00:08:10]one of them was wiley and had persuaded [00:08:14]him that he was not in love though he
[00:08:16]loved the lad no less than the others [00:08:18]and once in pressing his suit to him [00:08:22]he tried to persuade him that he ought [00:08:24]to give his favors to a man [00:08:26]who did not love him rather than to one
[00:08:28]who did [00:08:29]and this is what he said